Subject to the provision in the first paragraph, the following acts in relation to a copyright work shall not be deemed an infringement of copyright:

(1) research or study of the work which is not for profit;

(2) use for personal benefit or for the benefit of the user and his family members or close relatives;

(3) comment, criticism or introduction of the work with an acknowledgment of the ownership of copyright in such work;

(4) reporting of news through mass media with an acknowledgment of the ownership of copyright in such work;

(5) reproduction, adaptation, exhibition or display for the benefit of judicial proceedings or administrative proceedings by authorized officials or for reporting the result of such proceedings;

(6) reproduction, adaptation, exhibition or display by a teacher for the benefit of his teaching provided that the act is not for profit;

(7) reproduction, adaptation in part of a work or abridgment or making a summary by a teacher or an educational institution so as to distribute or sell to students in a class or in an educational institution provided that the act is not for profit;

(8) use of the work as part of questions and answers in an examination.

Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China

(Adopted at the 15th Session of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People’s Congress on September 7, 1990, and Amended According to the Decision on the Revision of the Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China, Adopted at the 24th Session of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People’s Congress on October 27, 2001)

Section 4

Limitations on Rights

22. In the following cases, a work may be exploited without permission from, and

without payment of remuneration to, the copyright owner, provided that the name of the

author and the title of the work shall be mentioned and the other rights enjoyed by the

copyright owner by virtue of this Law shall not be prejudiced:

(1) use of a published work for the purposes of the user’s own private study, research

or self-entertainment;

(11) translation of a published work of a Chinese citizen, legal entity or other body

from Han language into minority nationality languages for publication and distribution within

the country;

(12) transliteration of a published work into Braille and publication of the work so

transliterated.

The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall be applicable also to the rights of

publishers, performers, producers of sound recordings and video recordings, radio stations and television stations.

Japan Copyright Law*

(Law No. 48 of May 6, 1970, as amended by Laws (Long List)

(Reproduction in Braille, etc.)

Art. 37.—

(1) It shall be permissible to reproduce in Braille for the blind a work already made public.

(2) For Braille libraries and other establishments for the promotion of the welfare of the blind,

designated by Cabinet Order, it shall be permissible to make sound recordings of a work already made public, exclusively for the purpose of lending such recordings for the use of the blind.